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Corsica wine
Corsica wine is wine made on the Mediterranean island of Corsica. Located 90 km west of Italy, 170 km southeast of France and 11 km north of the island of Sardinia, the island is a territorial collectivity of France, but many of the region's winemaking traditions and its grape varieties are Italian in origin. The region's viticultural history can be traced to the island's settlement by Phoceans traders in 570 BC in what is now the commune of Aléria. In the 18th century, the island came under the control of France. Following the independence of Algeria from French rule, many Algerian ''Pieds-Noirs'' immigrated to Corsica and began planting vineyards. Between 1960 and 1976 the vineyard area in Corsica increased fourfold. In 1968, Patrimonio was established as Corsica's first ''Appellation d'origine contrôlée'' (AOC). Today, Corsica has nine AOC regions including the island-wide designation Vin de Corse AOC. The majority of the wine exported from Corsica falls under the Vin de pays designation ''Vin de Pays de l'Île de Beauté'' (Country wine from the Island of Beauty). The three leading grape varieties of the region are Nielluccio, known as the spice wine of France, Sciacarello and Vermentino.〔J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition pp. 203–204 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6〕
==History==
The island of Corsica was settled by Phoceans traders shortly after their founding of Marseille on the southeastern coast of France.〔H. Johnson ''Vintage: The Story of Wine'' p. 39 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0-671-68702-6〕 The Phoceans were active wine growers, cultivating indigenous vines and cuttings brought from abroad.〔 During the late 7th and early 8th century AD, the island came under Islamic rule. Wine production was severely limited due to the Islamic prohibition of alcohol.〔H. Johnson ''Vintage: The Story of Wine'' p. 98 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0-671-68702-6〕 In the early Middle Ages, Corsica first came under the rule of the city of Pisa in the Tuscany region, then in the 13th century under that of the Republic of Genoa.〔H. Johnson ''Vintage: The Story of Wine'' p. 309 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0-671-68702-6〕 During this time some ampelographers believe that a clone of the Sangiovese grape was introduced to the island which became Nielluccio.〔J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition p. 484 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6〕
Over the next 500 years, the Genoese established strict laws governing the harvest and winemaking practices of the island. They also banned all exports of Corsican wines to any port outside of Genoa.〔 The most sought-after wines from Corsica were described as being made in the "Greek style" from the Cap Corse region. In 1769, a year after the Genoese ceded control of the island to the French, the English writer James Boswell praised the diversity and quality of Corsican wines, comparing them favorably to the wines of Malaga and Frontignan.〔 That same year, the future French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was born in the Corsican city of Ajaccio to a wine-producing family. Under Napoleon's rule. Corsica was allowed to export wine and tobacco duty-free across the French Empire.〔
In the 19th century, the Corsican government launched several efforts to improve the nation's economy by promoting Corsica's wine industry. These efforts included the widespread planting of the indigenous Sciacarello grape and the construction of a large cellar near the city of Vizzavona, which was located on the highest point on the railroad line that linked the east coast city of Bastia with the capital city of Ajaccio. The phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century dealt a crippling blow to the Corsican wine industry, and was followed by a period of mass depopulation as Corsicans emigrated to other countries. The Algerian war of Independence ushered in a new period of growth as French ''pieds-noirs'' immigrated to Corsica and began new plantings.〔 During this time, the number of vineyards increased fourfold. The overall quality of Corsican wine was poor due to the emphasis on quantity over quality, with Corsica becoming a prominent contributor to Europe's wine lake problem. In the 1980s, the European Union began issuing subsidies to encourage the uprooting of vines and to renew focus on limited yields and quality wine production. By 2003, these programs had contributed to a reduction of over in the number of vineyard plantings in Corsica, as well as the introduction of modern winemaking techniques and equipment such as temperature-controlled fermentation tanks.〔
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